No, seriously, bear with me. I haven’t lost my mind. Consider the following.
Joe, a citizen of Utopia, makes Ut$142,000 a year. In Utopia, you pay 25% on your first Ut$120,000 and from there on 35% on all earnings above. Let’s calculate Joe’s tax rate.
Trivial, no? JavaScript:
var income = 142000; var tax_to_pay = 0; if(income <= 120000){ tax_to_pay = income * 0.25; } else { tax_to_pay = 30000 + (income - 120000) * 0.35; } console.log(tax_to_pay);
And Python:
income = 142000 if income <= 120000 tax_to_pay = income * 0.25 else tax_to_pay = 30000 + (income - 120000) * 0.35 print(tax_to_pay)
And so on. Now let’s consider the weirdo in the ranks, Julia:
income = 142000 if income <= 120000: tax_to_pay = income * 0.25 else tax_to_pay = 30000 + (income - 120000) * 0.35 end
Returns 37700.0
all right. But now watch what Julia can do and the other languages (mostly) can’t! The following is perfectly correct Julia code.
income = 142000 tax_to_pay = (if income <= 120000 income * 0.25 else 30000 + (income - 120000) * 0.35 end) print(tax_to_pay)
This, too, will return 37700.0. Now, you might say, that’s basically no different from a ternary operator. Except unlike with ternary ops in most languages, you can actually put as much code there as you want and have as many side effects as your heart desires, while still being able to assign the result of the last calculation within the block that ends up getting executed to the variable at the head.
Now, that raises the question of what the value of a while
expression is. Any guesses?
i = 0 digits = (while i < 10 i = i + 1 end)
Well, Julia says 0123456789
when executing it, so digits surely must be…
julia> digits
Wait, wat?! That must be wrong. Let’s type check it.
julia> typeof(digits) Void
So there you have it. A conditional has a value, a while loop doesn’t… even if both return a value. Sometimes, you’ve gotta love Julia, kick back with a stiff gin and listen to Gary Bernhardt.
Ah, but scoping. Is the i outside the same i that’s inside the while loop?
If it constructs its own i, it’s possible that it also destructs that i before the end statement, which would leave nothing (or Void) to be returned back to the rest of the assignment statement.
Julia
while
scopes are leaky and use global scope vars. It doesn’t construct its owni
.Oh yeah, also note that you’re doing an assignment statement in the while loop while just evaluating an expression in the if statement. There’s nothing that the while loop leaves on the stack. You’d need to stick an expression past the end of the while loop to leave something to assign to the digits variable.
Exactly! 🙂